Phased Array Antenna for IoT Applications

IoT systems impose special requirements on wireless communication: end devices are often deployed in large numbers, frequently spread over wide areas, often mobile, energy-independent, and not always within the reach of terrestrial networks. A reliable, satellite-based connection is therefore of central importance.

Especially IoT applications in logistics, environmental monitoring, or agriculture demand antenna systems that are compact, energy-efficient, and cost-effective – and still reliably communicate with LEO or GEO satellites. The transmission of data over long distances requires targeted beam steering, as this is the only way to ensure a stable connection to the satellite even at low transmission power, without interference or data loss.

For energy-independent IoT devices that transmit only small amounts of data sporadically, conventional phased array antenna solutions are often too complex, too expensive, or too bulky. Particularly in large-scale networks with numerous connected devices, a well-thought-out antenna technology is needed that must also be economically scalable.

Our compact phased array antenna meets these requirements precisely. It offers high antenna gain and precise control while consuming minimal space and energy. It impresses with an intelligent design featuring a limited number of antenna elements, ensuring maximum performance. By using commercially available RF switches and delay lines instead of expensive, highly integrated beamformer chips, we reduce production costs and enable the production of smaller quantities – ideal for frequency bands where integrated solutions are not available.

Intelligent design with efficiency benefits

Targeted beam steering, compact construction, and low system complexity: our antenna design combines technical efficiency with high scalability. By consciously avoiding complex components, we create a reliable solution for energy-efficient IoT applications in the context of satellite-based communication.

Innovative element arrangement for precise beam steering

For the precise alignment of an antenna beam towards LEO or GEO satellites, two directions are crucial: the vertical angle for adjusting elevation and the horizontal alignment in azimuth.
Unlike typical rectangular arrays, we position the antenna elements in concentric circles and regular sectors. This type of geometry enables targeted beam steering with minimal control effort, regardless of the satellite's position. The phase differences between the circles control the elevation, while the uniform sector distribution allows for flexible azimuth control.

Front side of the phased array antenna
© Fraunhofer IIS/Paul Pulkert
The front of the planar array consists of 25 circularly polarized elements. They are arranged in two concentric circles around a central element.

Rear of the phased array antenna
© Fraunhofer IIS/Paul Pulkert
The rear of the antenna array consists of an antenna board with power supply network and switchable delay lines.

Optimized phase set for smart control 

Our antenna design operates with a significantly reduced number of phase values. Instead of complex phase shifters, we use switchable delay lines in the feed network. This allows us to control the desired beam direction with only a few phase steps per ring. This reduced complexity minimizes technical effort, saves energy and lowers production costs, which is particularly beneficial for applications with many distributed devices and low data volumes.

One antenna, many possibilities

Although our compact phased array antenna is primarily designed for satellite-based IoT devices with low energy consumption and low data rates, phased arrays are also beneficial in other application areas. By adding additional element rings, they can easily transmit higher data rates. This makes the antenna suitable for further applications in satellite communications, such as satellite internet or satellite connections to remote locations. 

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